Philosophy and Justice Social Philosophies

A Theory of Justice by John Rawls

Quite a number of books and articles were published by John Rawls, a philosopher that held the James Bryant Conant University Professorship at Harvard University. He is, however, mainly famous for his book 'a Theory of Justice' where he attempts to define social justice. The work has tremendously impacted contemporary political views.

Rawls was discontented with the traditional philosophical claims regarding what actually makes a social institution just and regarding what justifies social or political policies and actions. The utilitarian claim maintains that societies ought to follow the greatest good for the greatest number. This claim has several issues, such that it appears to be coherent with the belief of the domination of majorities over the minorities. The intuitionist claim maintains that human beings feel what is actually right or wrong through some natural moral sense. This is actually also challenging since it basically explains justice by stating that individuals "know it when they see it," and it does not address the several conflicting human feelings. Rawls tries to develop a logical explanation of justice via the social contract approach. According to this particular approach, the society is somehow an agreement amidst all those within the society. If a society was actually an agreement,...

He mentions that the agreement is a totally theoretical one: he does not claim that individuals had existed outside the social state or had come up with agreements to develop a certain kind of society. Rawls starts his work with the image of justice as fairness. He recognizes the primary structure of the society as the basic subject of justice and recognizes justice as the very first virtue of social bodies (Mazzeno, 2010).
Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill

Utilitarianism is actually one of the most famous and powerful moral theories. Similar to other types of consequentialism, its main idea is that whether human actions are morally right or wrong, entirely relies on their impacts. Particularly, the only impacts of actions, which are significant, are the good and poor outcomes they produce. A major point in this particular article is concerned with the differentiation between personal actions and types of actions. Act utilitarian concentrate on the impacts of individual actions (like John Wilkes Booth's assassination of Abraham Lincoln) whereas rule utilitarians concentrate on the impacts of kinds of actions (like stealing or killing). According to utilitarians, the aim of morality is to actually make life better by increasing the quantity of good things (like anguish and discontent). They decline moral systems or codes, which…